Dictionaries

7.1. Dictionaries#

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import sys
from pathlib import Path

current = Path.cwd()
for parent in [current, *current.parents]:
    if (parent / '_config.yml').exists():
        project_root = parent  # ← Add project root, not chapters
        break
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from shared import thinkpython, diagram, jupyturtle
from shared.download import download

# Register as top-level modules so direct imports work in subsequent cells
sys.modules['thinkpython'] = thinkpython
sys.modules['diagram'] = diagram
sys.modules['jupyturtle'] = jupyturtle

This chapter presents a built-in type called a dictionary.

It is one of Python’s best features – and the building block of many efficient and elegant algorithms.

7.1.1. What Is a Dictionary?#

A dictionary in Python is a built-in data type used to store data in key–value pairs. A Python dictionary is like a real world dictionary, where you look up a word for its definition. In Python dictionary, you look up a key for the value.

The key characteristics of a dictionary are:

  1. Dictionaries are mutable (can be changed)

  2. Keys must be immutable (strings, numbers, tuples)

  3. A dictionary represents a mapping from keys to values.

  4. Keys must be unique

  5. Values can be any data type

In terms of formatting,

  • Each dictionary item consists of a key and a value separated by a colon.

  • Dictionary items are separated by commas and enclosed in curly braces.

A dictionary is like a list, but more general. In a list, the indices have to be integers; in a dictionary they can be (almost) any type.

Feature

List

Dictionary

Access by

Index (0,1,2)

Key

Structure

Ordered sequence

Key-value mapping

Best for

Ordered data

Labeled data

As seen in the example below:

  • A list of number words can be accessed using an integer as an index.

  • A dictionary goes in the other direction, and look up a word to get the corresponding integer; in other words, using the keys to look up the values.

nums_lst = ['zero', 'one', 'two']
print(nums_lst)
print(nums_lst[1])

nums_dic = {'zero': 0, 'one': 1, 'two': 2}
print(nums_dic)
print(nums_dic['one'])

['zero', 'one', 'two']
one
{'zero': 0, 'one': 1, 'two': 2}
1

In mathematical language, a dictionary represents a mapping from keys to values, so you can also say that each key “maps to” a value. In this example, each number word maps to the corresponding integer.

The following figure shows the state diagram for numbers. A dictionary is represented by a box with the word “dict” outside and the items inside. Each item is represented by a key and an arrow pointing to a value. The quotation marks indicate that the keys here are strings, not variable names.

../../_images/3aada2c316e58eede4dae8406fb72d5a959330920d31c6c4d3a0f866edddf791.png 
### Exercise: Read a Dictionary Diagram *(basic)*
# The dictionary below maps course codes to course titles.
courses = {
    "CS101": "Introduction to Programming",
    "DS210": "Data Management",
    "STAT301": "Applied Statistics",
}
# 1. Print the title for "DS210".
# 2. Look up the title for "STAT301", store it in a variable named stat_title,
#    and print it.
# 3. Use an f-string and a lookup to print the line:
#    CS101: Introduction to Programming
### Your code starts here.



### Your code ends here.

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### Solution
courses = {
    "CS101": "Introduction to Programming",
    "DS210": "Data Management",
    "STAT301": "Applied Statistics",
}

print(courses["DS210"])
stat_title = courses["STAT301"]
print(stat_title)
print(f"CS101: {courses['CS101']}")

Data Management
Applied Statistics
CS101: Introduction to Programming

7.1.2. When to Use a Dictionary#

You use a dictionary when:

  • You need labeled data

  • You want fast lookups by name

  • You need a mapping relationship

Examples of dictionaries:

  • Student records

  • Configuration settings

  • Word counts

  • JSON data

Data often arrives as two parallel lists, one holding the keys and one holding the values. The zip() function from Chapter 6 pairs them up position by position, and dict() turns those (key, value) pairs into a dictionary:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
prices = [1.25, 0.50, 3.00]

price_of = dict(zip(fruits, prices))
print(price_of)
print(price_of["banana"])

{'apple': 1.25, 'banana': 0.5, 'cherry': 3.0}
0.5

### Exercise: Choose a Mapping *(applied)*
# A small app stores student grades. Use a dictionary when each student name
# should map directly to one numeric grade.
names = ["Ava", "Ben", "Chloe"]
grades = [94, 87, 91]

# 1. Build a dictionary named gradebook from names and grades.
# 2. Print Chloe's grade.
# 3. Print the full gradebook.
### Your code starts here.



### Your code ends here.

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### Solution
names = ["Ava", "Ben", "Chloe"]
grades = [94, 87, 91]

gradebook = dict(zip(names, grades))
print(gradebook["Chloe"])
print(gradebook)

91
{'Ava': 94, 'Ben': 87, 'Chloe': 91}

7.1.3. Creating Dictionaries#

Python provides several ways to create a dictionary, depending on whether you already have the data or are building it incrementally.

  1. dict literal: the most common approach to create a dictionary

  2. dict() constructor: to turn sequences into dictionaries

  3. dictionary comprehensions: are useful when keys and values come from other sources

Python also has a dict.fromkeys() method, which is a special case in creating dictionaries. Overall, common ways to create a dictionary include:

#

Method

Syntax

Notes

1

Empty dict literal

{}

Fastest way to create an empty dict

2

Dict literal

{'a': 1, 'b': 2}

Keys and values known up front

3

dict() constructor

dict(a=1, b=2)

Keys must be valid identifiers

4

From list of tuples

dict([('a', 1), ('b', 2)])

Useful when pairs are already in a sequence

5

dict.fromkeys()

dict.fromkeys(['a', 'b'], 0)

All keys share the same default value

6

Dict comprehension

{k: v for k, v in items}

Build from any iterable with an expression

Pay attention to ways 2, 3, and 4. We usually use dict literal for creating dictionaries but you should know how to use the dict() constructor to turn a sequence into a dictionary. Also, try to transfer your skill in list comprehensions to dictionary comprehensions.

# 1. Empty dict literal
d1 = {}

# 2. Dict literal with items
d2 = {'zero': 0, 'one': 1, 'two': 2}

# 3. dict() constructor with keyword arguments (keys must be valid identifiers)
d3 = dict(zero=0, one=1, two=2)

# 4. dict() from a list of (key, value) tuples
d4 = dict([('zero', 0), ('one', 1), ('two', 2)])

# 5. dict.fromkeys() — all keys share the same default value
d5 = dict.fromkeys(['zero', 'one', 'two'], 0)

# 6. Dict comprehension
words = ['zero', 'one', 'two']
d6 = {word: idx for idx, word in enumerate(words)} # note the two variables

print("Empty literal:       ", d1)
print("Dict literal:        ", d2)
print("dict() keywords:     ", d3)
print("dict() from tuples:  ", d4)
print("dict.fromkeys():     ", d5)
print("Dict comprehension:  ", d6)

Empty literal:        {}
Dict literal:         {'zero': 0, 'one': 1, 'two': 2}
dict() keywords:      {'zero': 0, 'one': 1, 'two': 2}
dict() from tuples:   {'zero': 0, 'one': 1, 'two': 2}
dict.fromkeys():      {'zero': 0, 'one': 0, 'two': 0}
Dict comprehension:   {'zero': 0, 'one': 1, 'two': 2}

To give some details about dictionary creation, let’s use the dictionary literal to create a dictionary, which is to put the items inside curly braces.

numbers = {'zero': 0, 'one': 1, 'two': 2}

Each item consists of a key and a value separated by a colon. The items are separated by commas and enclosed in curly braces.

Another way to create a dictionary is to use the dict function. We can make an empty dictionary like this.

empty = dict()
empty

{}

Or, if you have a list like [ “zero”, “one”, “two”], you can use enumerate() to create a dictionary.

lst = ["zero", "one", "two "]

dict_words = {}
for idx, word in enumerate(lst):
    dict_words[word] = idx

print(dict_words)

{'zero': 0, 'one': 1, 'two ': 2}

And we can make a copy of a dictionary like this.

numbers_copy = dict(numbers)
numbers_copy

{'zero': 0, 'one': 1, 'two': 2}

It is often useful to make a copy before performing operations that modify dictionaries.

### Exercise: Create Dictionaries Three Ways *(basic)*
# 1. Create a dict literal named capitals with Missouri -> Jefferson City
#    and Kansas -> Topeka.
# 2. Create a dictionary named status from this list of pairs:
pairs = [("draft", 3), ("review", 2), ("done", 5)]
# 3. Use a dictionary comprehension to map each word to its length.
words = ["data", "python", "mapping"]
# 4. Print all three dictionaries.
### Your code starts here.



### Your code ends here.

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### Solution
capitals = {"Missouri": "Jefferson City", "Kansas": "Topeka"}
pairs = [("draft", 3), ("review", 2), ("done", 5)]
status = dict(pairs)
words = ["data", "python", "mapping"]
lengths = {word: len(word) for word in words}

print(capitals)
print(status)
print(lengths)

{'Missouri': 'Jefferson City', 'Kansas': 'Topeka'}
{'draft': 3, 'review': 2, 'done': 5}
{'data': 4, 'python': 6, 'mapping': 7}